Genetic manipulation in a controlled and predetermined way is called Genetic Engineering, with the advent of Gene cloning protocols it is possible to transfer genes from one organisms to another organism (Prokaryotes to eukaryotes and vice versa).
Genetic Engineering, finds lot of potential applications in various fiedls like agriculture, medicine industry and environment. The applications include the production of Transgenic plants, animals and genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs). Various products include hormones, (like insulin, growth hormone), enzymes, antibodies, blood clotting factors, interferon, vaccines and molecular diagnostics. In addition to these plants with herbicide, insecticide and pest resistance have been developed by means of gene cloning.
rDNA products are safer and economical and can be produced in large quantities. For e.g., an E.coli culture of about 2 liters can produce growth hormone i.e., equivalent to growth hormones derived from 100 sheep brains.
HUMAN INSULIN:
Insulin is produced by the pancreas (Islets of Langerhans / beta - cells). This is used in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Previously insulin was obtained from animal sources like Bovine insulin, Procin insulin, Murine insulin. These insulin are not similar in their structures with that of human insulin. So generally they lead to the allergic reactions. Now a days human insulin is produced by r-DNA technology which is 100% similar and effective and economical .
c-DNA molecules were synthesized from the m-RNA molecules of both A & B chains of insulin and cloned into the plasmid vector DNA molecules, introduced into the E-coli cells separately and extracted both polypeptide chains, joined in vitro to form active insulin molecules. Human insulin was the first therapeutic produced by the gene cloning technology.
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH):
Also known as Somatotropin, secreted by the anterior lobe of pitvitary gland, promotes growth and consists of 191 amino acids residues. Deficiency causes pituitary dwarfism.
Previously this hormone is extracted from pituitary glands an dis not sufficient to meet the increasing demand and now a days, it is produced by means of gene cloning.
Double stranded c-DNA were produced from m-RNA precursor of HGH and incorporated into bacterial cells, where it is expressed in non-precursor from. Bacteria were unable to convert peptide into biologically active form.
The synthetic DNA and c-DNA are ligated to yield a new fragment which contains the complete coding sequence of HGH. It is ligated to Lac promoter and operator and allowed to transform in E-coli and where it is expressed to produce HGH & subsequently purified.
RABIES (VIRUS) VACCINE:
Rabies virus cause a deadly disease rabies in human due to mad dog bite, discovered by Louis Pastuer. The conventional anti virus is difficult to obtain and the production procedure is very tedious one. Research attempts are being made to develop a recombinant rabies vaccine by using E-coli as host.
Attempts are made to isolate m-RNA coding for the viral protein from the rabies virus infected cells and the gene coding for the viral glycoprotein coat been successfully cloned in E-coli cells.
The wister institue of philadelphia (USA) has developed a new genetically engineered vaccine virus by inserting a small fragment of foreign DNA. This virus could synthesize anti rabies antigen and activates immune system against infection in laboratory animals when administered orally.
Genetic Engineering, finds lot of potential applications in various fiedls like agriculture, medicine industry and environment. The applications include the production of Transgenic plants, animals and genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs). Various products include hormones, (like insulin, growth hormone), enzymes, antibodies, blood clotting factors, interferon, vaccines and molecular diagnostics. In addition to these plants with herbicide, insecticide and pest resistance have been developed by means of gene cloning.
rDNA products are safer and economical and can be produced in large quantities. For e.g., an E.coli culture of about 2 liters can produce growth hormone i.e., equivalent to growth hormones derived from 100 sheep brains.
HUMAN INSULIN:
Insulin is produced by the pancreas (Islets of Langerhans / beta - cells). This is used in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. Previously insulin was obtained from animal sources like Bovine insulin, Procin insulin, Murine insulin. These insulin are not similar in their structures with that of human insulin. So generally they lead to the allergic reactions. Now a days human insulin is produced by r-DNA technology which is 100% similar and effective and economical .
c-DNA molecules were synthesized from the m-RNA molecules of both A & B chains of insulin and cloned into the plasmid vector DNA molecules, introduced into the E-coli cells separately and extracted both polypeptide chains, joined in vitro to form active insulin molecules. Human insulin was the first therapeutic produced by the gene cloning technology.
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (HGH):
Also known as Somatotropin, secreted by the anterior lobe of pitvitary gland, promotes growth and consists of 191 amino acids residues. Deficiency causes pituitary dwarfism.
Previously this hormone is extracted from pituitary glands an dis not sufficient to meet the increasing demand and now a days, it is produced by means of gene cloning.
Double stranded c-DNA were produced from m-RNA precursor of HGH and incorporated into bacterial cells, where it is expressed in non-precursor from. Bacteria were unable to convert peptide into biologically active form.
The synthetic DNA and c-DNA are ligated to yield a new fragment which contains the complete coding sequence of HGH. It is ligated to Lac promoter and operator and allowed to transform in E-coli and where it is expressed to produce HGH & subsequently purified.
RABIES (VIRUS) VACCINE:
Rabies virus cause a deadly disease rabies in human due to mad dog bite, discovered by Louis Pastuer. The conventional anti virus is difficult to obtain and the production procedure is very tedious one. Research attempts are being made to develop a recombinant rabies vaccine by using E-coli as host.
Attempts are made to isolate m-RNA coding for the viral protein from the rabies virus infected cells and the gene coding for the viral glycoprotein coat been successfully cloned in E-coli cells.
The wister institue of philadelphia (USA) has developed a new genetically engineered vaccine virus by inserting a small fragment of foreign DNA. This virus could synthesize anti rabies antigen and activates immune system against infection in laboratory animals when administered orally.
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